ARTICLE

THE CRIMINAL ACTS PERPETRATED DURING JAMMU MASSACRE 1947 AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

14 Pages : 96 - 104

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2021(VI-I).14      10.31703/glsr.2021(VI-I).14      Published : Mar 2021

The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective

Abstract

    The Dogra Forces of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, with the support of the extremist armed groups of Hindus and Sikhs, perpetrated various criminal acts during Jammu Massacre,1947. A huge number of Muslims were killed, raped, maimed, and tortured, and thousands were forced to migrate to Pakistan in critical conditions. The massacre generally and nature, threshold, and scope of the seacts are retrospectively analyzed, to the extent of Genocide Convention, 1948 and Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, by the review of existing literature. The study suggests few viable and effective legal redressals under international law to the victims of the Jammu Massacre, including refugees and the living generations of the killed persons. The work is somehow useful and relevant for future studies around the multifarious nature and aspects of the criminal acts similar to the acts of Perpetrators involved in the Jammu Genocide.

    Criminal Acts, Jammu Massacre, International Law and Conflict of Jammu and Kashmir

    (1) Adnan Rahman
    Member Law Faculty, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Amar Jahangir
    PhD Scholar, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
    (3) Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi
    Assistant Professor, Department of Law, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
Fulltext PDF

References

  • Aiyar, S. (1995). 'August anarchy': The partition massacres in Punjab, 1947*. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 18(sup001), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/008564095087 23242
  • Bhasin, V. (2003). Experiences of Partition: Jammu 1947. Jammu University, https://kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue- 35-vol-07-89728/
  • Chatha, I. Terrible Fate: 'Ethnic Cleansing' of Jammu' Muslims in 1947. Pakistan Vision, 10 (1), 117 - 140.
  • Chaudhary, Z. (2015). Kashmir Conflict and Muslims of Jammu (1st ed.). Gulshan Books.
  • Copland, I. (1998). The Further Shores of Partition: Ethnic Cleansing in Rajasthan, 1947. Past and Present (160), 203 - 239.
  • Crowe, D. M. (2013). War Crimes, Genocide and Justice: A Global History. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fareed, R. (2017). The forgotten massacre that ignited the Kashmir dispute. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/ 11/6/the-forgotten-massacre-that- ignited-the-kashmir-dispute
  • Heller, K. J. (2011). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press.
  • Henham, R., & Behrens, P. (2007). The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Koursami, N. (2018). The ‘Contextual Elements' of the Crime of Genocide. T.M.C Asser Press.
  • Naqvi, S. (2016). Being the other, the Muslims in India. Aleph Book Company. Reservations to the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of Genocide (Advisory opinion), (1951) ICJ Reports 16, p.23.
  • Saraf, M. Y. (2005). Kashmiris Fight for Freedom. Ferozesons.
  • Schabas, W. A. (2009). Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes (2nded.).Cambridge University Press.
  • Schofield, V. (2000, 2003). Kashmir in Conflict. IB Tauris
  • Snedden, C. (2001). What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local Identity,
  • Snedden, C. (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. Harper Collins.
  • Stahn, C. (2015). The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court. Oxford University Press.
  • Stephens, I. (1953). Horned Moon. Chatto & Windus London
  • The Spectator, (London), 16 January, 1948.
  • The Statesman, (Calcutta) 1948.
  • The Times, (London), 10 August 1948.
  • The Times, (London), 10 October, 1948.
  • Umer B. (2017).
  • November 4, 2017, https://www.newsclick.in/massacre- widened-communal-gap.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Rahman, A., Jahangir, A., & Gardazi, S. M. F. (2021). The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective. Global Legal Studies Review, VI(I), 96 - 104. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2021(VI-I).14

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Rahman, Adnan, Amar Jahangir, and Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi. 2021. "The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective." Global Legal Studies Review, VI (I): 96 - 104 doi: 10.31703/glsr.2021(VI-I).14

HARVARD

    HARVARD : RAHMAN, A., JAHANGIR, A. & GARDAZI, S. M. F. 2021. The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective. Global Legal Studies Review, VI, 96 - 104.

MHRA

    MHRA : Rahman, Adnan, Amar Jahangir, and Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi. 2021. "The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective." Global Legal Studies Review, VI: 96 - 104

MLA

    MLA : Rahman, Adnan, Amar Jahangir, and Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi. "The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective." Global Legal Studies Review, VI.I (2021): 96 - 104 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Rahman, Adnan, Jahangir, Amar, and Gardazi, Syed Mudasser Fida (2021), "The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective", Global Legal Studies Review, VI (I), 96 - 104

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Rahman, Adnan, Amar Jahangir, and Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi. "The Criminal Acts Perpetrated during Jammu Massacre, 1947: An International Law Perspective." Global Legal Studies Review VI, no. I (2021): 96 - 104. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2021(VI-I).14