FRAGMENTED INTERNATIONAL LAW AND UNCERTAINTIES RELATED TO DUAL USE SPACE TECHNOLOGY

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(VII-II).10      10.31703/glsr.2022(VII-II).10      Published : Jun 2022
Authored by : Shakeel Ahmad , Fozia Naseem , Ahsan Riaz

10 Pages : 81-87

References

  • Ahmad, S. (2021). India’s Anti-Satellite Test: from the Perspective of International Space Law and the Law of Armed Conflict. International Criminal Law Review, 21(2), 342–366. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10046
  • CRAWFORD III, J. W. (1997, July). The law of noncombatant immunity and the targeting of national electrical power systems. In The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (pp. 101-119). The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
  • Crawford, J. (2013). State responsibility: the general part (No. 100). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeland, S. (2016). Applying the jus in bello to military uses of outer space: a square peg in a round hole?. In Private Law, Public Law, Metalaw and Public Policy in Space (pp. 109-122). Springer, Cham.
  • Freeland, S., Gruttner, E. (2020). The Laws of War in Outer Space. In: Schrogl, KU. (eds) Handbook of Space Security. Springer, The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, of 27 January 1967.
  • Heue, R. (2018). GNSS Jamming and Spoofing: Hazard or Hype? GNSS Jamming and Spoofing: Hazard or Hype? https://space-of-innovation.com/gnss-jamming-and-spoofing-hazard-or-hype/#
  • ICRC Report. (April 9, 2021). The Potential Human Cost of the Use of Weapons in Outer Space and the Protection Afforded by International Humanitarian Law, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/potential-human-cost-outer-space-weaponization-ihl-protection
  • IHL Database. (2005). ICRC’s study on customary international humanitarian law (IHL), Rule 54. Attacks against Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule54
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (1949). Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2008). How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law? For more details see ICRC Opinion Paper, www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/armed-conflict-article-170308.htm
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (8 June 1977). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 1125 UNTS 3, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36b4.html
  • International Court of Justice (ICJ). (2014). Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom). https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/160
  • Kessler, D. J., & Cour-Palais, B. G. (1978). Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 83(A6), 2637-2646.
  • Moir, L. (2002). The law of internal armed conflict (Vol. 19). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pelton, J. N., & Ailor, W. H. (2013). Space debris and other threats from outer space (pp. 5-8). New York: Springer.
  • Pope, C. (2020). Driven by'a tectonic shift in warfare'Raymond describes Space Force's achievements and future. SpaceForce News, September, 15.
  • President Bush, G. W. (2002). National Security Strategy (NSS). https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/sectionV.html,accessedon27December2019
  • United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (1945). Outer Space Law Treaties. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html
  • United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html
  • United Nations. (2002). United Nations treaties and principles on outer space: Text of treaties and principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. New York: United Nations.
  • Ahmad, S. (2021). India’s Anti-Satellite Test: from the Perspective of International Space Law and the Law of Armed Conflict. International Criminal Law Review, 21(2), 342–366. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10046
  • CRAWFORD III, J. W. (1997, July). The law of noncombatant immunity and the targeting of national electrical power systems. In The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (pp. 101-119). The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
  • Crawford, J. (2013). State responsibility: the general part (No. 100). Cambridge University Press.
  • Freeland, S. (2016). Applying the jus in bello to military uses of outer space: a square peg in a round hole?. In Private Law, Public Law, Metalaw and Public Policy in Space (pp. 109-122). Springer, Cham.
  • Freeland, S., Gruttner, E. (2020). The Laws of War in Outer Space. In: Schrogl, KU. (eds) Handbook of Space Security. Springer, The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, of 27 January 1967.
  • Heue, R. (2018). GNSS Jamming and Spoofing: Hazard or Hype? GNSS Jamming and Spoofing: Hazard or Hype? https://space-of-innovation.com/gnss-jamming-and-spoofing-hazard-or-hype/#
  • ICRC Report. (April 9, 2021). The Potential Human Cost of the Use of Weapons in Outer Space and the Protection Afforded by International Humanitarian Law, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/potential-human-cost-outer-space-weaponization-ihl-protection
  • IHL Database. (2005). ICRC’s study on customary international humanitarian law (IHL), Rule 54. Attacks against Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule54
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (1949). Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (2008). How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law? For more details see ICRC Opinion Paper, www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/armed-conflict-article-170308.htm
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (8 June 1977). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 1125 UNTS 3, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36b4.html
  • International Court of Justice (ICJ). (2014). Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom). https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/160
  • Kessler, D. J., & Cour-Palais, B. G. (1978). Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 83(A6), 2637-2646.
  • Moir, L. (2002). The law of internal armed conflict (Vol. 19). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pelton, J. N., & Ailor, W. H. (2013). Space debris and other threats from outer space (pp. 5-8). New York: Springer.
  • Pope, C. (2020). Driven by'a tectonic shift in warfare'Raymond describes Space Force's achievements and future. SpaceForce News, September, 15.
  • President Bush, G. W. (2002). National Security Strategy (NSS). https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/sectionV.html,accessedon27December2019
  • United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). (1945). Outer Space Law Treaties. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html
  • United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html
  • United Nations. (2002). United Nations treaties and principles on outer space: Text of treaties and principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. New York: United Nations.

Cite this article

    APA : Ahmad, S., Naseem, F., & Riaz, A. (2022). Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology. Global Legal Studies Review, VII(II), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(VII-II).10
    CHICAGO : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fozia Naseem, and Ahsan Riaz. 2022. "Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology." Global Legal Studies Review, VII (II): 81-87 doi: 10.31703/glsr.2022(VII-II).10
    HARVARD : AHMAD, S., NASEEM, F. & RIAZ, A. 2022. Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology. Global Legal Studies Review, VII, 81-87.
    MHRA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fozia Naseem, and Ahsan Riaz. 2022. "Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology." Global Legal Studies Review, VII: 81-87
    MLA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fozia Naseem, and Ahsan Riaz. "Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology." Global Legal Studies Review, VII.II (2022): 81-87 Print.
    OXFORD : Ahmad, Shakeel, Naseem, Fozia, and Riaz, Ahsan (2022), "Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology", Global Legal Studies Review, VII (II), 81-87
    TURABIAN : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fozia Naseem, and Ahsan Riaz. "Fragmented International Law and Uncertainties Related to Dual Use Space Technology." Global Legal Studies Review VII, no. II (2022): 81-87. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2022(VII-II).10