PSYCHOLOGICAL FLAWS IN JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).09      10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).09      Published : Jun 2023
Authored by : Saba Karim , SardarAliShah , AmirLatifBhatti

09 Pages : 83-93

References

  • Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309341564
  • Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 569– 576. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569
  • Braman, E. (2010). 13 Searching for constraint in legal decision making. The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0013
  • Brest, P. Krieger, L. H. (2010). Problem solving, decision making, and professional judgment: A guide for lawyers and policymakers. Oxford University Press.
  • Casey, Warren, Cheesman, and Elek , (2012). Strategies to reduce the influence of implicit bias. Yale Unviversity. https://horsley.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/IB_Strategies_033012.pdf
  • Channa, A. (2022). Human Rights And World On The Edge Of World War III. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 633- 651 https://pjia.com.pk/index.php/pjia/article/view/469/337
  • Chopra, S. (2020). The psychology of framing and jury decision-making. Journal of Consumer Attorneys Associations for Southern California.
  • Clark, C. E. (1942). The function of Law in a Democratic society. The University of Chicago Law Review, 9(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.2307/1597400
  • Codiga. D.A. (2002). Reflections on the Potential Growth of Mindfulness Mediation in the Law. 7 Harv. Negot. L. Rev, 109.
  • Courtools. (2020, April 5). Trial Court performance measures. Courtools. https://www.courtools.org/trial-court-performance-measures
  • Danks, D., & London, A. J. (2017). Algorithmic bias in autonomous systems. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (January), Melbourne, Australia:4691-4697.
  • Danziger, S., Levav, J., & Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(17), 6889–6892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018033108
  • deTurck, M, Texter, L, & Harszlak, J. (1989). Effects of information processing objectives on judgments of deception following perjury. Communication Research, 16(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365089016003006
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
  • Dhami, M. K. (2003). Psychological models of Professional Decision making. Psychological Science, 14(2), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01438
  • Dhami, M. K., & Ayton, P. (2001). Bailing and jailing the fast and frugal way. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(2), 141–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.371
  • Dhami, M. K., Hertwig, R., & Hoffrage, U. (2004). The role of representative design in an ecological approach to cognition. Psychological bulletin, 130(6), 959–988. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.959
  • Elsbach, K. D., & Barr, P. S. (1999). The effects of mood on individuals' use of structured decision protocols. Organization Science, 10(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.10.2.181
  • Enayati, A. (2011, May 11). Seeking Serenity: When lawyers go zen. CNN. https://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/11/seeking-serenity-when-lawyers-go-zen/
  • Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences: The influence of irrelevant anchors on experts’ judicial decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282152
  • Fischhoff, B. (2007). An early history of hindsight research. Social Cognition, 25(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.1.10
  • Fischhoff, B., & Beyth, R. (1975). I knew it would happen. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90002-1
  • Gawande, A. (2010). The Checklist Manifesto: How To Get Things Right. Metropolitan Books.
  • Gigerenzer, M. Engel, C. (2006). Heuristics. Heuristics and the law. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3488.001.0001
  • Guthrie, C. Rachlinski, J. Wistrich, A. (2002). Judging by Heuristic: Cognitive illusions in judicial decision making. Judicature, 86(1)
  • Guthrie, C., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2005). Can judges ignore inadmissible information? the difficulty of deliberately disregarding. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153(4), 1251. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150614
  • Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J. Wistrich, A. J. (2007). Blinking on the bench: How judges decide cases. Cornell Law Faculty Publications, 917
  • Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J., & Wistrich, A. J. (2009). The hidden 'judiciary': An empirical examination of executive branch justice. Duke Law Journal, 58(7)
  • Harley, G. Persico, N. (2018). Multi-tasking – why it's bad for court efficiency. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/multi-tasking-why-it-s-bad-court-efficiency
  • Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000). The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.6.3.236
  • Heydenfeldt, J. A., Herkenhoff, L., & Coe, M. (2011). Cultivating mind fitness through mindfulness training: Applied neuroscience. Performance Improvement, 50(10), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.20259
  • Heyes, A., & Saberian, S. (2019). Temperature and Decisions: Evidence from 207,000 Court Cases. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(2), 238–265. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170223
  • Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671
  • Huntsinger, J. R., Clore, G. L., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2010). Mood and global–local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global–local processing. Emotion, 10(5), 722–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019356
  • Jaffe P. G., Crooks C. V., Dunford-Jackson B. L., & Town J. M. (2003). Vicarious trauma in judges: The personal challenge of dispensing justice. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 54(4), 1–9.
  • Kahneman, D, Tversky. A. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232. https://doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1st Ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). On the psychology of prediction. Judgment under Uncertainty, 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511809477.005
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341– 350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.341
  • Kahneman, D., Sibony, O., & Sunstein, C. R. (2022). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Littlle, Brown Spark.
  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kip Viscusi, W. (1999). How do judges think about risk? American Law and Economics Review, 1(1), 26–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.26
  • Klatte, M., Bergström, K., & Lachmann, T. (2013). Does noise affect learning? A short review on noise effects on cognitive performance in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00578
  • Koehler, D, Harvey, N. (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Blackwell Publishing
  • Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098–2109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
  • Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Implicit Aged Race Bias: The Role of Reduced Automaticity of Responding. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 284- 291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559651
  • MacCoun, R. J. (1989). Experimental research on jury decision-making. Science, 244(4908), 1046– 1050. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4908.1046
  • Maroney, T. A., & Gross, J. J. (2013). The Ideal of the Dispassionate Judge: An Emotion Regulation Perspective. Emotion Review, 6(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913491989
  • Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Toward a physiology of dual-process reasoning and judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis. Psychological Science, 19(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x
  • Mayer, E. A. (2011). Gut feelings: The emerging biology of Gut–Brain Communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3071
  • McDonald, C. J. (1996). Medical heuristics: The silent adjudicators of clinical practice. Annals of Internal Medicine, 124(1_Part_1), 56. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_part_1-199601010-00009
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Prentice Hall.
  • Olson, C. L. (1976). Some apparent violations of the representativeness heuristic in human judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(4), 599– 608. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.2.4.599
  • Peer, E. Gamliel, E. (2013). Heuristics and biases in judicial decisions.Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, 422 https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/422?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fajacourtreview%2F422&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
  • Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the story model for juror decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.189
  • Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill.
  • Priel, D. (2020). Law Is What the Judge Had for Breakfast: A Brief History of an Unpalatable Idea. Buffalo Law Review, 68, 899 Priel, D. (n.d.). Law Is What the Judge Had for Breakfast: A Brief History of an Unpalatable Idea. Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview/vol68/iss3/4
  • Rassin, E., Eerland, A., & Kuijpers, I. (2010). Let's find the evidence: An analogue study of confirmation bias in criminal investigations. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 7(3), 231–246 https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.126
  • Resnick A., Myatt K. A., & Marotta P. V. (2011). Surviving bench stress. Family Court Review, 49(3), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01396
  • osso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and Review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
  • Shah, S. A., Balasingam, U., & Dhanapal, S. (2018). Legal Education in Pakistan: An Overview. IIUM Law Journal, 26(2), 401-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v26i2.380
  • Sprang G., Clark J. J., & Whitt-Woosley A. (2007). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12(3), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701238093
  • Tamir, D. I., & Mitchell, J. P. (2012). Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(21), 8038–8043 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202129109
  • Teigen, K. H., & Keren, G. (2003). Surprises: Low probabilities or high contrasts? Cognition, 87(2), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00201-9
  • The Crime Report. (2014, December 3). Judy Harris Kluger: Building a Court System ‘Designed for Humans.’ https://thecrimereport.org/2014/12/03/2014-12-judy-harris-kluger-building-a-court-system-designed/
  • Torbert, C. J. (1983, January 14). First Ala.. Bank of Montgomery, N.A. v. Martin. Legal research tools from Casetext. https://casetext.com/case/first-ala-bank-of-montgomery-na-v-martin
  • Watson, J. M., & Strayer, D. L. (2010). Supertaskers: Profiles in extraordinary multitasking ability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.3758/pbr.17.4.479
  • Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309341564
  • Alter, A. L., Oppenheimer, D. M., Epley, N., & Eyre, R. N. (2007). Overcoming intuition: Metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 569– 576. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.569
  • Braman, E. (2010). 13 Searching for constraint in legal decision making. The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0013
  • Brest, P. Krieger, L. H. (2010). Problem solving, decision making, and professional judgment: A guide for lawyers and policymakers. Oxford University Press.
  • Casey, Warren, Cheesman, and Elek , (2012). Strategies to reduce the influence of implicit bias. Yale Unviversity. https://horsley.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/IB_Strategies_033012.pdf
  • Channa, A. (2022). Human Rights And World On The Edge Of World War III. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), 633- 651 https://pjia.com.pk/index.php/pjia/article/view/469/337
  • Chopra, S. (2020). The psychology of framing and jury decision-making. Journal of Consumer Attorneys Associations for Southern California.
  • Clark, C. E. (1942). The function of Law in a Democratic society. The University of Chicago Law Review, 9(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.2307/1597400
  • Codiga. D.A. (2002). Reflections on the Potential Growth of Mindfulness Mediation in the Law. 7 Harv. Negot. L. Rev, 109.
  • Courtools. (2020, April 5). Trial Court performance measures. Courtools. https://www.courtools.org/trial-court-performance-measures
  • Danks, D., & London, A. J. (2017). Algorithmic bias in autonomous systems. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (January), Melbourne, Australia:4691-4697.
  • Danziger, S., Levav, J., & Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(17), 6889–6892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018033108
  • deTurck, M, Texter, L, & Harszlak, J. (1989). Effects of information processing objectives on judgments of deception following perjury. Communication Research, 16(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365089016003006
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
  • Dhami, M. K. (2003). Psychological models of Professional Decision making. Psychological Science, 14(2), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01438
  • Dhami, M. K., & Ayton, P. (2001). Bailing and jailing the fast and frugal way. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(2), 141–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.371
  • Dhami, M. K., Hertwig, R., & Hoffrage, U. (2004). The role of representative design in an ecological approach to cognition. Psychological bulletin, 130(6), 959–988. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.959
  • Elsbach, K. D., & Barr, P. S. (1999). The effects of mood on individuals' use of structured decision protocols. Organization Science, 10(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.10.2.181
  • Enayati, A. (2011, May 11). Seeking Serenity: When lawyers go zen. CNN. https://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/11/seeking-serenity-when-lawyers-go-zen/
  • Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences: The influence of irrelevant anchors on experts’ judicial decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282152
  • Fischhoff, B. (2007). An early history of hindsight research. Social Cognition, 25(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.1.10
  • Fischhoff, B., & Beyth, R. (1975). I knew it would happen. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90002-1
  • Gawande, A. (2010). The Checklist Manifesto: How To Get Things Right. Metropolitan Books.
  • Gigerenzer, M. Engel, C. (2006). Heuristics. Heuristics and the law. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3488.001.0001
  • Guthrie, C. Rachlinski, J. Wistrich, A. (2002). Judging by Heuristic: Cognitive illusions in judicial decision making. Judicature, 86(1)
  • Guthrie, C., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2005). Can judges ignore inadmissible information? the difficulty of deliberately disregarding. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153(4), 1251. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150614
  • Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J. Wistrich, A. J. (2007). Blinking on the bench: How judges decide cases. Cornell Law Faculty Publications, 917
  • Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. J., & Wistrich, A. J. (2009). The hidden 'judiciary': An empirical examination of executive branch justice. Duke Law Journal, 58(7)
  • Harley, G. Persico, N. (2018). Multi-tasking – why it's bad for court efficiency. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/multi-tasking-why-it-s-bad-court-efficiency
  • Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000). The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.6.3.236
  • Heydenfeldt, J. A., Herkenhoff, L., & Coe, M. (2011). Cultivating mind fitness through mindfulness training: Applied neuroscience. Performance Improvement, 50(10), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.20259
  • Heyes, A., & Saberian, S. (2019). Temperature and Decisions: Evidence from 207,000 Court Cases. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(2), 238–265. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170223
  • Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611419671
  • Huntsinger, J. R., Clore, G. L., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2010). Mood and global–local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global–local processing. Emotion, 10(5), 722–726. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019356
  • Jaffe P. G., Crooks C. V., Dunford-Jackson B. L., & Town J. M. (2003). Vicarious trauma in judges: The personal challenge of dispensing justice. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 54(4), 1–9.
  • Kahneman, D, Tversky. A. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232. https://doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9
  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow (1st Ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). On the psychology of prediction. Judgment under Uncertainty, 48–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511809477.005
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341– 350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.341
  • Kahneman, D., Sibony, O., & Sunstein, C. R. (2022). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Littlle, Brown Spark.
  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kip Viscusi, W. (1999). How do judges think about risk? American Law and Economics Review, 1(1), 26–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/aler/1.1.26
  • Klatte, M., Bergström, K., & Lachmann, T. (2013). Does noise affect learning? A short review on noise effects on cognitive performance in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00578
  • Koehler, D, Harvey, N. (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Blackwell Publishing
  • Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098–2109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
  • Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Implicit Aged Race Bias: The Role of Reduced Automaticity of Responding. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 284- 291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559651
  • MacCoun, R. J. (1989). Experimental research on jury decision-making. Science, 244(4908), 1046– 1050. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4908.1046
  • Maroney, T. A., & Gross, J. J. (2013). The Ideal of the Dispassionate Judge: An Emotion Regulation Perspective. Emotion Review, 6(2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913491989
  • Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Toward a physiology of dual-process reasoning and judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and expensive rule-based analysis. Psychological Science, 19(3), 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02077.x
  • Mayer, E. A. (2011). Gut feelings: The emerging biology of Gut–Brain Communication. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3071
  • McDonald, C. J. (1996). Medical heuristics: The silent adjudicators of clinical practice. Annals of Internal Medicine, 124(1_Part_1), 56. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-1_part_1-199601010-00009
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Prentice Hall.
  • Olson, C. L. (1976). Some apparent violations of the representativeness heuristic in human judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(4), 599– 608. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.2.4.599
  • Peer, E. Gamliel, E. (2013). Heuristics and biases in judicial decisions.Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, 422 https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/422?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fajacourtreview%2F422&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
  • Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the story model for juror decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 189–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.189
  • Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill.
  • Priel, D. (2020). Law Is What the Judge Had for Breakfast: A Brief History of an Unpalatable Idea. Buffalo Law Review, 68, 899 Priel, D. (n.d.). Law Is What the Judge Had for Breakfast: A Brief History of an Unpalatable Idea. Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview/vol68/iss3/4
  • Rassin, E., Eerland, A., & Kuijpers, I. (2010). Let's find the evidence: An analogue study of confirmation bias in criminal investigations. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 7(3), 231–246 https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.126
  • Resnick A., Myatt K. A., & Marotta P. V. (2011). Surviving bench stress. Family Court Review, 49(3), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01396
  • osso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and Review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
  • Shah, S. A., Balasingam, U., & Dhanapal, S. (2018). Legal Education in Pakistan: An Overview. IIUM Law Journal, 26(2), 401-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v26i2.380
  • Sprang G., Clark J. J., & Whitt-Woosley A. (2007). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12(3), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020701238093
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Cite this article

    CHICAGO : Karim, Saba, Sardar Ali Shah, and Amir Latif Bhatti. 2023. "Psychological Flaws in Judicial Decision Making." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II): 83-93 doi: 10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).09
    HARVARD : KARIM, S., SHAH, S. A. & BHATTI, A. L. 2023. Psychological Flaws in Judicial Decision Making. Global Legal Studies Review, VIII, 83-93.
    MHRA : Karim, Saba, Sardar Ali Shah, and Amir Latif Bhatti. 2023. "Psychological Flaws in Judicial Decision Making." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII: 83-93
    MLA : Karim, Saba, Sardar Ali Shah, and Amir Latif Bhatti. "Psychological Flaws in Judicial Decision Making." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII.II (2023): 83-93 Print.
    OXFORD : Karim, Saba, Shah, Sardar Ali, and Bhatti, Amir Latif (2023), "Psychological Flaws in Judicial Decision Making", Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II), 83-93