References
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- Andersen, S. N., & Skardhamar, T. (2015). Pick a number: Mapping recidivism measures and their consequences. Crime & Delinquency, 63(5), 613– 635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128715570629
- Arshad, A. (2019, November 25). Recidivism and Prison Reforms in Punjab - Courting The Law. Courting the Law. http://courtingthelaw.com/2019/11/11/commentary/recidivism-and-prison-reforms-in-punjab/
- Applegate, B. K., Surette, R., & McCarthy, B. J. (1999). Detention and desistance from crime: Evaluating the influence of a new generation jail on recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(6), 539-548.
- Eyisi, D. (2016). The usefulness of qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in researching Problem-Solving Ability in Science Education curriculum. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 91–100. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1103224.pdf
- Di Tella, R., & Schargrodsky, E. (2013). Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring. Journal of Political Economy, 121(1), 28–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/669786
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Annual Report 2013-14. Peshawar: Home Department Inspectorate of Prison, 2014.
- Hanson, R. K., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (2004). Predictors of criminal recidivism among male batterers. Psychology Crime & Law, 10(4), 413– 427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160310001629283
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- Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Report on the State of the Human Rights in 2013. Lahore: Human Rights Commission, 2014. International Crisis Group Asia, (2016). Reforming Pakistan’s Prison System. http://www.crisisgroup.org/
- Khoso, A., & Kousar, U. (2021). Theoretical and practical challenges to stop recidivism among juveniles: Three case studies of male juveniles in Karachi, Pakistan. Institutionalised Children Exploration and Beyond, 234930032110330. https://doi.org/10.1177/23493003211033089
- Lovell, D., Gagliardi, G. J., & Peterson, P. D. (2002). Recidivism and use of services among persons with mental illness after release from prison. Psychiatric Services, 53(10), 1290–1296. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1290
- Law & Justice Commission of Pakistan. Jail reforms revised (1997) Report No. 23. www.ljcp.gov.pk/MenuItems/Publications/ReportoftheLJCP/reports/73- 89/80.doc
- Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2010). Risk factors for overall recidivism and severity of recidivism in serious juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 118–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x09356683
- Murphy, C. M., Musser, P. H., & Matón, K. I. (1998). Coordinated community intervention for domestic abusers: Intervention system involvement and criminal recidivism. Journal of Family Violence, 13(3), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022841022524
- Nagin, D. S. (2012). Deterrence: Scaring offenders straight. In F. Cullen & C. Lero, eds. Correctional Theory. Context and consequences. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Inc., pp. 67–98.
- Nagin, D. S., Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2009). Imprisonment and reoffending. Crime and Justice, 38(1), 115–200. https://doi.org/10.1086/599202
- Nagin, D. S., & Snodgrass, G. M. (2013). The Effect of Incarceration on Re-Offending: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Pennsylvania. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(4), 601–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9191-9
- Nurse, J. (2003). Influence of environmental factors on mental health within prisons: focus group study. BMJ, 327(7413), 480–0. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7413.480
- Håkansson, A., & Berglund, M. (2012). Risk factors for criminal recidivism – a prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-12-111
- Andersen, S. N., & Skardhamar, T. (2015). Pick a number: Mapping recidivism measures and their consequences. Crime & Delinquency, 63(5), 613– 635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128715570629
- Arshad, A. (2019, November 25). Recidivism and Prison Reforms in Punjab - Courting The Law. Courting the Law. http://courtingthelaw.com/2019/11/11/commentary/recidivism-and-prison-reforms-in-punjab/
- Applegate, B. K., Surette, R., & McCarthy, B. J. (1999). Detention and desistance from crime: Evaluating the influence of a new generation jail on recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(6), 539-548.
- Eyisi, D. (2016). The usefulness of qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in researching Problem-Solving Ability in Science Education curriculum. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 91–100. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1103224.pdf
- Di Tella, R., & Schargrodsky, E. (2013). Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring. Journal of Political Economy, 121(1), 28–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/669786
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Annual Report 2013-14. Peshawar: Home Department Inspectorate of Prison, 2014.
- Hanson, R. K., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (2004). Predictors of criminal recidivism among male batterers. Psychology Crime & Law, 10(4), 413– 427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160310001629283
- Recidivism | National Institute of Justice. (n.d.). National Institute of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism#:~:text=Recidivism%20is%20one%20of%20the,intervention%20for%20a%20previous%20crime
- criminal justice. (n.d.). LII / Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/criminal_justice
- Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Report on the State of the Human Rights in 2013. Lahore: Human Rights Commission, 2014. International Crisis Group Asia, (2016). Reforming Pakistan’s Prison System. http://www.crisisgroup.org/
- Khoso, A., & Kousar, U. (2021). Theoretical and practical challenges to stop recidivism among juveniles: Three case studies of male juveniles in Karachi, Pakistan. Institutionalised Children Exploration and Beyond, 234930032110330. https://doi.org/10.1177/23493003211033089
- Lovell, D., Gagliardi, G. J., & Peterson, P. D. (2002). Recidivism and use of services among persons with mental illness after release from prison. Psychiatric Services, 53(10), 1290–1296. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1290
- Law & Justice Commission of Pakistan. Jail reforms revised (1997) Report No. 23. www.ljcp.gov.pk/MenuItems/Publications/ReportoftheLJCP/reports/73- 89/80.doc
- Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2010). Risk factors for overall recidivism and severity of recidivism in serious juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 118–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624x09356683
- Murphy, C. M., Musser, P. H., & Matón, K. I. (1998). Coordinated community intervention for domestic abusers: Intervention system involvement and criminal recidivism. Journal of Family Violence, 13(3), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022841022524
- Nagin, D. S. (2012). Deterrence: Scaring offenders straight. In F. Cullen & C. Lero, eds. Correctional Theory. Context and consequences. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Inc., pp. 67–98.
- Nagin, D. S., Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2009). Imprisonment and reoffending. Crime and Justice, 38(1), 115–200. https://doi.org/10.1086/599202
- Nagin, D. S., & Snodgrass, G. M. (2013). The Effect of Incarceration on Re-Offending: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Pennsylvania. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(4), 601–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-012-9191-9
- Nurse, J. (2003). Influence of environmental factors on mental health within prisons: focus group study. BMJ, 327(7413), 480–0. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7413.480
Cite this article
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APA : Hassan, A., Rao, S. S., & Amjad, B. (2023). Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities. Global Legal Studies Review, VIII(II), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).13
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CHICAGO : Hassan, Abida, Sadia Saeed Rao, and Balqees Amjad. 2023. "Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II): 117-123 doi: 10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).13
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HARVARD : HASSAN, A., RAO, S. S. & AMJAD, B. 2023. Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities. Global Legal Studies Review, VIII, 117-123.
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MHRA : Hassan, Abida, Sadia Saeed Rao, and Balqees Amjad. 2023. "Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII: 117-123
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MLA : Hassan, Abida, Sadia Saeed Rao, and Balqees Amjad. "Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII.II (2023): 117-123 Print.
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OXFORD : Hassan, Abida, Rao, Sadia Saeed, and Amjad, Balqees (2023), "Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities", Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II), 117-123
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TURABIAN : Hassan, Abida, Sadia Saeed Rao, and Balqees Amjad. "Risk Factors of Criminal Recidivism into Criminal Activities." Global Legal Studies Review VIII, no. II (2023): 117-123. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).13