References
- Adolfo, A. (2020, June 11). Arrested Hong Kong protesters: How the numbers look one year on. South China Morning Post. https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3088009/one-year-protest/index.html
- Alix, C. (2020, July 1). Hong Kong: The Sino-British joint declaration explained. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/hong-kong-the-sino-british-joint-declaration-explained-12019001
- An Editorial. (1964). Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336400100101
- Nathan, A. J. (2023, January 17). How China sees the Hong Kong crisis: The real reasons behind Beijing’s restraint. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-09-30/how-china-sees-hong-kong-crisis
- Annie, B., Director, A., Sarah, C., & Annie B. (n.d.). Democratic Crisis in Hong Kong: Recommendations for Policymakers. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/policy-brief/2019/democratic-crisis-hong-kong-recommendations-policymakers
- Austin, R. (2021, October 25). Student Sentenced as Hong Kong Uses Security Law to Clamp down on Speech. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/hong-kong-security-law-speech.html
- Brain, C. F. (n.d.). Death by a thousand cuts: Democratic backsliding in Hong Kong. Global Asia. https://www.globalasia.org/v15no1/cover/death-by-a-thousand-cuts-democratic-backsliding-in-hong-kong_brian-ch-fong
- Charles, W., & Johan., G. (2007). Introduction: Peace by Peaceful Conflict Transformation – the TRANSCEND Approach. In Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Routledge.
- Derek, G. (2020, February 13). Where Does China’s “One Country, Two Systems†Stand in 2020? https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/02/where-does-chinas-one-country-two-systems-stand-in.html
- Dismantling a Free Society. (2021). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/feature/2021/06/25/dismantling-free-society/hong-kong-one-year-after-national-security-law
- Doug, B. (2019, June 24). Hong Kong Profile-Timeline. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16526765
- Doug, B. (2020, May 18). Hong Kong Is Losing Its Freedom. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/commentary/hong-kong-losing-its-freedom
- Doug, B. (2021, September 23). Hong Kong’s National Security Promises Were All Hollow. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/commentary/hong-kongs-national-security-promises-were-all-hollow
- Eleanor, A. (2014). Democracy in Hong Kong. Council on Foreign Relations.
- Erin, B., & Taryn, S. (2021, May 3). The History of Hong Kong, Visualized. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/hong-kong-history-visualized
- Gary, C. (2019, July 4). What is the Sino-British Joint Declaration and what does it have to do with Hong Kong’s extradition crisis?. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3017318/explainer-what-sino-british-joint-declaration-and-what-does
- Hong Kong: Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, (1997). https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b53d0.html
- BC News. (2021, June 30). Hong Kong: How life has changed under China’s national security law. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57649442
- Vaid, D. (2021, December 28). HK Apple Daily founder faces new sedition charge. dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/hong-kong-jimmy-lai-faces-fresh-sedition-charge/a-60270914
- BBC News. (2016, November 15). Hong Kong pro- independence lawmakers disqualified from office. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37984118
- BBC News. (2014, December 11). Hong Kong protests: Timeline of the occupation. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-30390820
- BBC News. (2022a, June 28). Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838
- BC News. (2019, September 4). Hong Kong: Timeline of extradition protests. BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49340717
- Cole, J. M. (2018, June 18). Nice Democracy You’ve Got There. Be a Shame If Something Happened to It. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/18/nice-democracy-youve-got-there-be-a-shame-if-something-happened-to-it/
- Javier., C. H. (2020, July 1). Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong’s Security Law Explained. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html
- Jeffie, L. (2021, January 28). National security: What is Article 23 in Hong Kong and why is the issue back in the spotlight?. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3138956/national-security-what-article-23-hong-kong-and-why-issue
- Kirby, J. (2021, July 1). China’s national security legislation is destroying Hong Kong’s rule of law. Vox. https://www.vox.com/22554120/hong-kong-national-security-law-tong-ying-kit-trial
- Galtung, J. (1985). Twenty-Five years of Peace Research: Ten challenges and some responses. Journal of Peace Research, 22(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338502200205
- Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005
- Galtung, J. (2009). Theories of Conflict: Definitions, Dimensions, Negations, Formations. Transcend. https://www.transcend.org/files/Galtung_Book_Theories_Of_Conflict_single.pdf
- Lindberg, K. S., & Tam, O. (2021, December 9). Hong Kong court hands tycoon Jimmy Lai another guilty ruling. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-09/hong-kong-court-hands-tycoon-jimmy-lai-another-guilty-verdict#xj4y7vzkg
- Liu, K. (2020). Hong Kong: Inevitably irrelevant to China? Economic Affairs, 40(1), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12391
- Laignee, B. (2020, July 23). “It’s So Much Worse Than Anyone Expected.†Why Hong Kong’s National Security Law Is Having Such a Chilling Effect. TIME. https://time.com/5867000/hong-kong-china-national-security-law-effect/
- Larry, D. (2020, May 26). The End of Hong Kong As We Knew It. The American Interest. https://www.the-american-interest.com/2020/05/26/the-end-of-hong-kong-as-we-knew-it/
- The Government of Hong Kong and Special Administrative Region. (2022). Law and order situation in 2019. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202003/02/P2020030200619.htm
- Lindsay, M. (2022, May 19). Hong Kong’s Freedoms: What China Promised and How It’s Cracking Down,â€. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hong-kong-freedoms-democracy-protests-china-crackdown
- Louisa, B. H. (2019). Hong Kong: The Joint Declaration (No. 08616). House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8616/CBP-8616.pdf
- Purbrick, M. (2020). HONG KONG: THE TORN CITY. Asian Affairs, 51(3), 463–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1791528
- Miriam, B. (2019, November 15). A breakdown of the death tolls in some of the more-high-profile protests around the world. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/15/breakdown-death-tolls-some-more-high-profile-protests-around-world
- NATIONAL SECURITY HONG KONG. (2021, November 27). Hong Kong Free Press. https://hongkongfp.com/hong-kong-national-security-law/
- One Country, Two Systems. (1984, June 22). China Through A Lens. http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103372.htm
- Pak, Y., & Marius, Z. (2020). Leaving Hong Kong As China cracks down, a family makes a wrenching decision. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/hongkong-security-emigration
- Russell, H. (2019, July 31). A Preliminary Survey of CCP Influence Efforts in Hong Kong. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/a-preliminary-survey-of-ccp-influence-efforts-in-hong-kong/
- Sony, S. H. L. (2008). The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? Hong Kong University Press.
- South, C. M. P. (2014, August 31). Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Issues Relating to the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by 482 HONG KONG: THE TORN CITY Universal Suffrage and on the Method for Forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
- South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1582245/full-text-npcstanding-committee-decision-hong-kong-2017-election
- Suzanne, P. (2022, January 9). Beijing’s White Paper on Hong Kong democracy – a pledge renewed or a promise betrayed? Hong Kong Free Press. https://hongkongfp.com/2022/01/09/beijings-white-paper-on-hong-kong-democracy-a-pledge-renewed-or-a-promise-betrayed/
- The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. (January 18, 2022) https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c31ea082.pdf
- The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, § Chapter II - Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,. January 18, 2022, https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclaw/chapter2.html
- Weber, T. A. (1999). Gandhi, Deep Ecology, Peace Research and Buddhist Economics. Journal of Peace Research, 36(3), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036003007
- Hughes, T. (2019). A Timeline of Hong Kong’s History. History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/a- timeline-of-hong-kongs-history
- Hui, V. T. (2019, December 7). Hong Kong’s protests: Look beyond Tiananmen 2.0. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/hong-kongs-protests-look-beyond-tiananmen-2-0/
- Jazeera, A. (2020, July 1). What does China’s national security law for Hong Kong say? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/1/what-does-chinas-national-security-law-for-hong-kong-say
- Adolfo, A. (2020, June 11). Arrested Hong Kong protesters: How the numbers look one year on. South China Morning Post. https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/news/hong-kong/article/3088009/one-year-protest/index.html
- Alix, C. (2020, July 1). Hong Kong: The Sino-British joint declaration explained. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/hong-kong-the-sino-british-joint-declaration-explained-12019001
- An Editorial. (1964). Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336400100101
- Nathan, A. J. (2023, January 17). How China sees the Hong Kong crisis: The real reasons behind Beijing’s restraint. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-09-30/how-china-sees-hong-kong-crisis
- Annie, B., Director, A., Sarah, C., & Annie B. (n.d.). Democratic Crisis in Hong Kong: Recommendations for Policymakers. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/policy-brief/2019/democratic-crisis-hong-kong-recommendations-policymakers
- Austin, R. (2021, October 25). Student Sentenced as Hong Kong Uses Security Law to Clamp down on Speech. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/hong-kong-security-law-speech.html
- Brain, C. F. (n.d.). Death by a thousand cuts: Democratic backsliding in Hong Kong. Global Asia. https://www.globalasia.org/v15no1/cover/death-by-a-thousand-cuts-democratic-backsliding-in-hong-kong_brian-ch-fong
- Charles, W., & Johan., G. (2007). Introduction: Peace by Peaceful Conflict Transformation – the TRANSCEND Approach. In Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies. Routledge.
- Derek, G. (2020, February 13). Where Does China’s “One Country, Two Systems†Stand in 2020? https://www.rand.org/blog/2020/02/where-does-chinas-one-country-two-systems-stand-in.html
- Dismantling a Free Society. (2021). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/feature/2021/06/25/dismantling-free-society/hong-kong-one-year-after-national-security-law
- Doug, B. (2019, June 24). Hong Kong Profile-Timeline. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16526765
- Doug, B. (2020, May 18). Hong Kong Is Losing Its Freedom. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/commentary/hong-kong-losing-its-freedom
- Doug, B. (2021, September 23). Hong Kong’s National Security Promises Were All Hollow. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/commentary/hong-kongs-national-security-promises-were-all-hollow
- Eleanor, A. (2014). Democracy in Hong Kong. Council on Foreign Relations.
- Erin, B., & Taryn, S. (2021, May 3). The History of Hong Kong, Visualized. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/hong-kong-history-visualized
- Gary, C. (2019, July 4). What is the Sino-British Joint Declaration and what does it have to do with Hong Kong’s extradition crisis?. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3017318/explainer-what-sino-british-joint-declaration-and-what-does
- Hong Kong: Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, (1997). https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b53d0.html
- BC News. (2021, June 30). Hong Kong: How life has changed under China’s national security law. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57649442
- Vaid, D. (2021, December 28). HK Apple Daily founder faces new sedition charge. dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/hong-kong-jimmy-lai-faces-fresh-sedition-charge/a-60270914
- BBC News. (2016, November 15). Hong Kong pro- independence lawmakers disqualified from office. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37984118
- BBC News. (2014, December 11). Hong Kong protests: Timeline of the occupation. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-30390820
- BBC News. (2022a, June 28). Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838
- BC News. (2019, September 4). Hong Kong: Timeline of extradition protests. BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49340717
- Cole, J. M. (2018, June 18). Nice Democracy You’ve Got There. Be a Shame If Something Happened to It. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/18/nice-democracy-youve-got-there-be-a-shame-if-something-happened-to-it/
- Javier., C. H. (2020, July 1). Harsh Penalties, Vaguely Defined Crimes: Hong Kong’s Security Law Explained. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/world/asia/hong-kong-security-law-explain.html
- Jeffie, L. (2021, January 28). National security: What is Article 23 in Hong Kong and why is the issue back in the spotlight?. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3138956/national-security-what-article-23-hong-kong-and-why-issue
- Kirby, J. (2021, July 1). China’s national security legislation is destroying Hong Kong’s rule of law. Vox. https://www.vox.com/22554120/hong-kong-national-security-law-tong-ying-kit-trial
- Galtung, J. (1985). Twenty-Five years of Peace Research: Ten challenges and some responses. Journal of Peace Research, 22(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338502200205
- Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005
- Galtung, J. (2009). Theories of Conflict: Definitions, Dimensions, Negations, Formations. Transcend. https://www.transcend.org/files/Galtung_Book_Theories_Of_Conflict_single.pdf
- Lindberg, K. S., & Tam, O. (2021, December 9). Hong Kong court hands tycoon Jimmy Lai another guilty ruling. Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-09/hong-kong-court-hands-tycoon-jimmy-lai-another-guilty-verdict#xj4y7vzkg
- Liu, K. (2020). Hong Kong: Inevitably irrelevant to China? Economic Affairs, 40(1), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12391
- Laignee, B. (2020, July 23). “It’s So Much Worse Than Anyone Expected.†Why Hong Kong’s National Security Law Is Having Such a Chilling Effect. TIME. https://time.com/5867000/hong-kong-china-national-security-law-effect/
- Larry, D. (2020, May 26). The End of Hong Kong As We Knew It. The American Interest. https://www.the-american-interest.com/2020/05/26/the-end-of-hong-kong-as-we-knew-it/
- The Government of Hong Kong and Special Administrative Region. (2022). Law and order situation in 2019. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202003/02/P2020030200619.htm
- Lindsay, M. (2022, May 19). Hong Kong’s Freedoms: What China Promised and How It’s Cracking Down,â€. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hong-kong-freedoms-democracy-protests-china-crackdown
- Louisa, B. H. (2019). Hong Kong: The Joint Declaration (No. 08616). House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8616/CBP-8616.pdf
- Purbrick, M. (2020). HONG KONG: THE TORN CITY. Asian Affairs, 51(3), 463–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1791528
- Miriam, B. (2019, November 15). A breakdown of the death tolls in some of the more-high-profile protests around the world. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/11/15/breakdown-death-tolls-some-more-high-profile-protests-around-world
- NATIONAL SECURITY HONG KONG. (2021, November 27). Hong Kong Free Press. https://hongkongfp.com/hong-kong-national-security-law/
- One Country, Two Systems. (1984, June 22). China Through A Lens. http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/dengxiaoping/103372.htm
- Pak, Y., & Marius, Z. (2020). Leaving Hong Kong As China cracks down, a family makes a wrenching decision. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/hongkong-security-emigration
- Russell, H. (2019, July 31). A Preliminary Survey of CCP Influence Efforts in Hong Kong. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/a-preliminary-survey-of-ccp-influence-efforts-in-hong-kong/
- Sony, S. H. L. (2008). The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? Hong Kong University Press.
- South, C. M. P. (2014, August 31). Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Issues Relating to the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by 482 HONG KONG: THE TORN CITY Universal Suffrage and on the Method for Forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
- South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1582245/full-text-npcstanding-committee-decision-hong-kong-2017-election
- Suzanne, P. (2022, January 9). Beijing’s White Paper on Hong Kong democracy – a pledge renewed or a promise betrayed? Hong Kong Free Press. https://hongkongfp.com/2022/01/09/beijings-white-paper-on-hong-kong-democracy-a-pledge-renewed-or-a-promise-betrayed/
- The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. (January 18, 2022) https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c31ea082.pdf
- The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, § Chapter II - Relationship between the Central Authorities and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,. January 18, 2022, https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclaw/chapter2.html
- Weber, T. A. (1999). Gandhi, Deep Ecology, Peace Research and Buddhist Economics. Journal of Peace Research, 36(3), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036003007
- Hughes, T. (2019). A Timeline of Hong Kong’s History. History Hit. https://www.historyhit.com/a- timeline-of-hong-kongs-history
- Hui, V. T. (2019, December 7). Hong Kong’s protests: Look beyond Tiananmen 2.0. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/hong-kongs-protests-look-beyond-tiananmen-2-0/
- Jazeera, A. (2020, July 1). What does China’s national security law for Hong Kong say? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/1/what-does-chinas-national-security-law-for-hong-kong-say
Cite this article
-
APA : Hamza, A., & Javed, H. (2023). The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence. Global Legal Studies Review, VIII(II), 152-164. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).17
-
CHICAGO : Hamza, Ali, and Humayun Javed. 2023. "The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II): 152-164 doi: 10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).17
-
HARVARD : HAMZA, A. & JAVED, H. 2023. The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence. Global Legal Studies Review, VIII, 152-164.
-
MHRA : Hamza, Ali, and Humayun Javed. 2023. "The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII: 152-164
-
MLA : Hamza, Ali, and Humayun Javed. "The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence." Global Legal Studies Review, VIII.II (2023): 152-164 Print.
-
OXFORD : Hamza, Ali and Javed, Humayun (2023), "The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence", Global Legal Studies Review, VIII (II), 152-164
-
TURABIAN : Hamza, Ali, and Humayun Javed. "The buildup to the National Security Law in Hong Kong: From Structural Contradictions to Direct Violence." Global Legal Studies Review VIII, no. II (2023): 152-164. https://doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2023(VIII-II).17