Abstract

In a country like Pakistan, data is seldom celebrated. A take-off point can be a brief explanation of the Criminal Justice System (CJS), which this layout will endeavor to give ineffectual way. The CJS in Pakistan contains five sections for instance, the police, legitimate chief, confinement offices, arraignment, probation & parole. The degree of the survey was limited to the four regions, be explicit Punjab, Sindh, KPK& Balochistan. Basically, the presentation of CJS isn't at its ideal level in Pakistan as well as mending gauges like improvement & redesign of real establishments as well as cutoff the working of existing police, analysts, judges, specialists, jail staff is required close by revolve around updating the current characteristics of specialists, judges, examiners, remedial offices to additionally foster the usefulness level as well as reasonability of organization movement by the CJS generally.

Key Words

CJS, Pakistan, Police, Legal Executive, Jails, Indictment, Probation & Parole

Introduction

Pakistan's CJS is well-known for being faulty, deceptive, and dishonest. These factors are unquestionably a contributing element to rising terror levels (Hamza, Hameed, and Kamil, Jamshed, 2013s). The regular CJS in Pakistan is currently experiencing a real dilemma of strange postponements. The interminable and severely criticized wait in charging routine and criminal cases has become well-known. It is self-evident, as well as full that the eccentricities are not confined to Pakistan. Any legal system that is crucial in its preparation for any negative treatment of an individual in a usual conversation or criminal procedure is known as a legal system.

An indispensable norm of the CJS is that an accused is rebuked exclusively after their culpability is exhibited beyond a tragic leftover of vulnerability. Moreover, value demands that in the starter of a typical reason, the discussion ought to be picked severely according to the law as well as on the principles of significant worth, value, as well as sensible play. Such by as well as large saw, as well as trustworthy principles, are moreover according to the orders of Islam as the Holy Quran selects that Muslims ought to avoid inappropriate behavior, terrorizing, as well as covering.

 The CJS is portrayed as the plan of associations as well as cycles set up by state-run organizations to control bad behavior as well as power disciplines on individuals who ignore laws. This structure has various parts which need to work in concordance as well as the support of each other to give value not only to the individual being referred to yet to the charged as well. (Munir & Mughal, 2009s)

A nice as well as the reliable course of action of criminal value not simply consider convenient answers for the setbacks from bad behavior yet moreover protects as well as gets the real honors of the accused. The system relies upon sensibility, equilibrium, value, as well as sensible play for all - a structure that game plans with bad behavior as well as punks with the view to keep concordance as well as control in the overall population. (Munir & Mughal, 2009s)

Criminal principles, along with the procedure, are the basis of public power for maintaining social control, preventing and reducing wrongdoing, and supporting persons who defy the law with criminal punishment. As well as efforts at rehabilitation. The criminal value structure includes three segments:

i) Police (law prerequisite)

ii) Courts (intervention/fundamental)

iii) Prisons (changes/probation as well as parole)

The British have acquired Pakistan's criminal worth. The framework aims to decrease misconduct, arrange more responsible gatherings, and create public trust in the system by demonstrating that it is reasonable while also providing value to the poor. Pakistan's Criminal Value Plan: Major Criticisms and Weaknesses Misconduct with the police, inattentive demonstrations during the case, Open Analysts' Challan Delay in Courts, and Unilateral Initiators' Long Distance Because of the enormous number of convicts, overcrowding of treatment offices, juvenile course of parole processes, probation, and cutoff concerns, the accused is considered the dearest race of the court. These flaws, especially limited issues, are not bound to a single class of CJS - all sections, including law enforcement, legal head, as well as treatment/jail, are short.

The logical reason for Pakistan's Criminal Value Game Plan is to enhance the Criminal Code of 1898 (often referred to as Cr. PC) and the Pakistan Penal Code 1860, which govern the system, procedures, and everything. Assemble the parts' components. The alteration of courts, petitions, and correctional offices prime the structure of the case, from the disclosure of the case to the police. In any event, despite the fact that the law guardians were occasionally modified for advance requirements, in order to Islamize the laws as well as keep up with the latest, a very vast format at this point. Unchanged. Pakistan's structure has failed to address the broader objections, as the Supreme Court has noted: Losing that they either justify the accusers on particular charges. (Ali, Sardar Hamza, 2015s)."

This has come with regards to all the more consistently in people depending on street value as well as events including the lynching of punks by open which have been represented by media on different events (Pakistan Today, 17.07.2016s)

Inferable from the above shortcomings, the whole plan of criminal value is considered to be neglecting to live up to assumptions. Beforehand, a couple of attempts were made at changing the legitimate construction to make the system capacity as well as further foster its efficiency as well as ampleness. anyway, those were for the most part, in pieces as well as were done impassively, not yielding a specific result. (Jamshed, Hamza Hameed, as well as Kamil, 2013s)

On a very basic level, explore the working as well as interrelations of various parts (police, courts, correctional facilities). The audit will focus on structural flaws as well as efforts taken to promote relevance, in addition to their relationship with one another. The investigation's major goal is to discover the flaws in Pakistan's CJS/Criminal Arrest Framework as well as to come up with realistic solutions to help Pakistan develop an open, capable, and powerful value system. In addition, the audit aims to address fundamental issues in Pakistan's subordinate courts, such as criminal arrest and fraud in law enforcement.

The possibility of the hostile indictment is with the ultimate objective that the genuine social occasions are responsible for a plan as well as a show of their cases during interlocutory stages at primer. The cases are chosen legal as well as irrefutable issues acquainted with the court while parties have full oversight in regards to bona fide assessment consequently. This basically infers that the speed at which systems are pursued is for the most part coordinated by the get-togethers as well as the standard occupation of the court is to settle when called upon to do all things considered (Karim, Justice (R) Fazal, 2003s).




Objectives of the Study

The particular targets were:

i) Censoriously study the functioning proficiency of each part insofar as work allotted as well as rejected in a specific timeframe;

ii) Association of these portions to every other in a creative share of justice.




Significance of the Study

There're numerous fundamental standards of an organization of illicit justice that have ever been set somewhere around the apex courts over their decisions articulated now as well as again for the direction of the subordinate courts.




Limitation of a Study

The review was delimited to a previously mentioned 4 regions of Pakistan as well as significant parts of the CJS for example police, legal executive, as well as penitentiaries. Information from the schedule year 2021 were utilized in regards to this large number of parts.

Literature Review

A logical investigation of the CJS of Pakistan landscapes its primary spaces as well as inadequacies, as well as provides feasible suggestions, consequently a fair trial might be assured as well as revolutionary changes for the redesign can be authorized (Ali as well as Sardar Hamza: 2015s). Audit of writing that has ever been conveyed incorporates various yearly reports by different checking organizations alongside research paper(s), journals, news as well as books regarding the matter. An accompanying writing was mostly counseled:

SA Rahman Law Commissions reviewed the motives for delays in communal as well as criminal prosecution, and recommended the proper revisions in pertinent law(s). The Commissions, be that as it may, did not indorse any thrilling change in a present legal outline (Rahman, S A. "Law Commissions Report." 1958s). Mr. Justice Hammud-Ur-Rahman Law Reform Commissions Report is a genuinely exhaustive report regarding the substance of delays in communal as well as criminal prosecution. It did not see any serious problem with a present general set of laws. The report recorded proposals under three clauses in particular authoritative activity, severe utilization of current law(s), and executive movement. It projected for an expansion in a number of legal officials as well as a united basis to diminish a time in the removal of case(s) (Hammud-ur-Rahman, "Laws Reform Commission Reports." 1996s).

Laws Reform Committee Reports suggestions were assumed concerning increment the number of judge(s)as well as the organization of framework to work on crafted by investigations well as charge officials (Laws change advisory group report 2015s).

President's Commissions on Laws Enforcement as well as Admin of Justice's Trial of Crimes in the Unrestricted Civilization (1967s) recommended an organized way to deal with criminal justness, which further developed harmonization amongst law implementation, the court (s)as well as revision offices (President's Commissions on law authorization as well as Admin of Justice (1967s). The CJS reflects a responsibility by the general public to anticipate as well as rheostat crime while simultaneously managing those accused for ignoring criminal laws (Smith1, Christopher, 2013s).

It's an arrangement of persons, legislative concerns, as well as techniques that associates powerfully with offices at entire degrees of administration well as with the welfare & upsides of the public at large (Smith, George, & Christopher, 1998s).

A safeguard examiner has noticed that "a Police Order of 2002s extended high-ranking police post(s) by 300%. Over 15percent of the police expenditure plan subsidizes police chairmen as a long series of superiors up to or above D.S.P level (Asia Reports No. 196, the 2010s)."

Results as well as Discussions

Data is present and celebrated in a country like Pakistan. It is becoming so in numerous fields of research that affects the presence of society in general. Changes or redesigns are illuminated by durable material without explicitly describing what the system is and how it operates. The openness of data as a value zone is a critical matter. A concise explication of the CJS can serve as a starting point, which this design will struggle to provide sufficiently.




Constitution of Pakistan & Judicature

A country's constitution establishes its essential organs, 

such as the parliament, the boss, and the judicial system. Pakistan's Constitution of 1973, like its model holy instruments, requires the three organs to function. Pakistan's constitution, as an Alliance, requires pioneers, get-togethers, and judicature (Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973s) at both the government and common levels. It should be noted that the term judicature is frequently confused with the term lawful chief; whereas judicature implies a value association, the lawful chief is the game plan of courts in a country. (Exposition on Judicature by Francis Bacon)




Judicature, as well as the CJS

The Constitution of Pakistan obliges the unit of lawful leader from the boss (Article 175 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973s) just as this holy immediate as of now apparently can't notice satisfaction. The usually strong boss has remained crucial to driving just as has kept the gathering just as the judicature periphery by controlling the handbag. Beginning around 2007, the lawful leader has obtained some space by using its Suo-Motu powers (Article 184 (3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973) to carry out Key Privileges joined with its capacity to repel scorn or non-acknowledgment of its requests (Article 204 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973s); the gathering has not had the choice to attest its power through its shows, respects just as oversees, just as due to its partisan nature. The constitution sets up secured courts, including the High Court, High Courts, and Government Shariat Court, just as obliges wards of different courts associating with hallowed, normal, criminal, just as organization matters. The total scrutinizing of the capacity of government just as normal lawmaking bodies, the districts of hallowed courts, just like the pivotal honors (Particularly, Articles 8, 9, 10, 10-A, 11, 12, just as 13 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973s) obliges the ensured reason of the CJS in Pakistan.




Role of Administrative Just as Commonplace Legislatures & CJS

Under the constitution, law and order are the commitment of the domains that discharge it through their normal states. In the areas, the CJS is directed through the Home, just as Arraignment Offices. The affiliation of the coalition is congruent with these areas (Article 142 as per 143, 1973s of the Pakistani constitution), as well as the legislative areas of the Islamabad Capital Domain (ICT) and Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). Azad Jammu, like Kashmir, relaxes (AJK). In addition, the government is in charge of overseeing normal criminal coordination, which it does with the help of the Service of Insiders (MoI). Similarly, the Focal Government has control over the Bureaucratic Examination Office (FIA), which only looks at things as if prosecutors have discovered illegal migration, illegal duplication, or criminality. Just like that, it contains bad behaviour. The authoritative, just as ordinary councils use their standards of business to rehearse the organization of the CJS; this usage of relegated guidelines to stabilizer the fundamental guideline is a critical part that ought to be investigated totally to accomplish any adjustment of the game plan of organization of the CJS.




Criminal Justness Structure

Ontologically, the examination of infringement is styled as Criminal science, just as the examination of the workplaces that control or respond to offense is called Criminal Equity (CJ) (Siegel, Larry J, Criminal science Hypotheses, Examples just as Typologies, 10thVersion, page 4). The US has a rich custom in the advancement of Criminal Equity data, just as it offers specific degree programs. Considering the US informative practice, the criminal value course of action of Pakistan may be parceled into five sections:

i) Police,

ii) Prosecution,

iii) Courts;

iv) Prisons, just as

v) Corrections

Each part has its abilities, affiliation, monetary arrangement, and working, just as a legitimate framework. By just as by, an average ordinary CJS is managed by the Home Office under which the police, just as correctional facilities work as its joined divisions. A compact introduction to each part has been discussed under.




Police

As shown by the Oxford Handbook on Criminal science,The police force is a group, yet alertness is the line between annoyance and detection of improper behaviour. 




Prosecution

The indictment will be able to assess the police's verification as well as the quality and magnitude of the cases that will be sent to be crucial. It was equally important to police alliances. Prosecution strangely disassociated itself from the police relationship in the 1986s, following the model of the United Kingdom, where the UK Crown Settlement Administration (CPS) was founded in the 1986s; nevertheless, the course of action was modified in 1991. Separate arraignment offices/associate divisions were formed in all districts of Pakistan, commencing approximately 2003.The relationship just as components of prosecution divisions are regulated by normal confined laws. Punjab Indictment Division was set up in 2006s under the Punjab Criminal Arraignment Administration (Constitution, Capacities, just as Powers) Act, 2006s; the Sindh Arraignment Administration fills in as an attached part of the Sindh Law Office just as its working law is the Sindh Criminal Indictment Administration (Constitution, Capacities, just as Powers) Act, the 2010s. Additionally, for specific assortments, the KP Indictment Administration (Constitution, Capacities, just as Powers) Act, 2005, just as the Baluchistan Indictment Administration (Constitution, Capacities, just as Powers) Act, 2003 development arraignment relationship in KP just as Baluchistan.




Courts

Criminal courts are just as equitably run as collective courts. Unlike the holy courts established under the constitution, which bound the boss, equity, like the communal courts, chooses the genuine factors after the Code of Criminal Method 1898. Appointed officials oversee several police central commands, which are roughly the size of a police base camp. Mr. Asif Saeed Khosa, Pakistan's central equity, was unaware of their significance and referred to the police only as of the twin children of the courts. To refer criminal cases in conformity with the law, courts use a primer. Additional courts at the tehsil / taluka level, as well as courts of judges, are available throughout the country. According to the Constitution, all accused individuals must be brought before them within 24 hours (Article 10). The courts have a haphazardly devised intercession strategy. Criminal cases are should have been exhibited for sure, just as the charged is treated as irreproachable aside from whenever showed obligated.




Prisons Just as Redresses

Correctional facilities work as an annexed division to the Home Branches of the regions. For any economy, having a jail-based penal structure is a costly enterprise. The flood of protectionist feelings is sweeping the country today. If we look at Pakistan wisely, each region should have its own regional jail, just as each division should have its own central jail. In any case, as the central incarceration facilities are not available in all places, such as the country's divisions, local detention facilities are not available. Across the country, the actual construction of prisons is quite ancient. Prisoner offices have been established in all areas in accordance with the Prisons Act, 1894s, with the exception of Sindh, where Sindh's punishments are governed by the recently modified Administration Act, 2019.The prison workplaces in Pakistan moreover contain amendments workplaces that are highlighted giving capacities to the prisoners so they can re-establish themselves in the public eye upon their return. Shockingly, as a result of a shortfall of interest in cures, the delayed consequences of the structure of the change are limited just as their workplaces are basically met into prison's establishments. Parole supervision was adopted in the same way as probation was, as an alternative to jail. Following independence, analogous directorates were established in all Home Office districts. For data just as concerning Pakistan, the implications of three key terms associated with rebuilding just as reintegration ought to be noted:




Corrections

"… Organizations just as ventures highlighted revising the criminal head of the Detainees to reestablish just as join them in the overall population" (Area 4(l) of the Sindh Penitentiaries just as Amendments Administrations Act, 2019s);

i) Probation: The Acceptable Conduct Parole Delivery Act of 1926 and the Guilty Parties Parole Act of 1960 are the two statutes that define probation. Parole may be granted if the court finds the defendant guilty for the first time under warranty. Concealment can be supplemented with conditional release.

ii) Parole: The term parole isn't portrayed in the law. The 1927 Parole Release Rules of Acceptable Conduct advise that parole authorities administer 'early release' convicts. The premise is that normal states can both suspend and transport a prisoner's sentence based on a grant derived from his direct satisfaction. (By Kamran Adil; November 2, 2019s)




Flaws of CJS in Pakistan

The CJS has many focuses just as objectives. It primarily targets maintaining the criminal law, getting general society by thwarting just as forestalling bad behavior, empowering people how to avoid double-dealing, just as, finally, compelling just as sensible usage of the laws.




CJS of Pakistan

Pillars

The entire CJS in Pakistan is centered on the legitimate organization of criminal value. It stays on three segments:




a) The assessment,

b) Prosecution just as

c) Trial.

Essentially by the appropriate just as changed working of these segments just as inside the singular space would the convincing just as smooth working of the system be able to be possible.




Adversarial Framework

In opposing techniques, the social events expect a predominant part. The onus of plans of the strategies is on the social occasions, just as, the adjudicator expects an inert part just as limits like an umpire.

As communicated above, there are three chief pieces of the CJS are;

a) Police

b) Prosecution

c) Courts




Police

In this structure, the assessment is endeavored by the police. It is acknowledged that the police will more often than not end up being intellectually committed to getting back the culpability of their picked suspect. In Lal Khan Versus SHO, Police headquarters Kotwali, Jhang (2010 PCrlJ 182), Lahore High Court communicated the control of assessment is to;

? Spot audit,

? Find real factors just as conditions reaching the offense being investigated,

? Assemble confirmation just as




Prosecution

The arraignment is the workplace that plays a center individual occupation between the lawful leader as well as the police. It is they who take the police's case forward to the courts.

As per unraveled by courts, the control of arraignment is to

? Totally look at challans in regards to the catch of the blameworthy gatherings,

? Present the arraignment case in the court,

? Challenge the instances of security just as assurance the acknowledgment of the game plans of law,

? Guide the Examination Official to wipe out lacunas left, expecting to be any, during an assessment. (2000 MLD 865)




Court

The criminal court is the focal point of the CJS. It saves the "reasonable treatment of law" all through the catch to convey procedure in criminal value. The control of the court is to;

? Start techniques later an empower have been drawn,

? Give full information to the censured with respect to the offense he is blamed for,

? Convict the charged accepting his culpability is shown just as clear him if any reasonable vulnerability is made. (Berger v. US-295 US 78)




Legal Structure

The legitimate reason of the criminal value course of action of Pakistan consolidates the Criminal Methodology Demonstration of 1898 (Cr. PC) just as Pakistan Punitive Code 1860 (PPC) which set up the systems, strategies, just as components of all pieces of the structure starting from specifying of the case to the police, its primer by courts, demands just as correction at detainment facilities.

The Cr. PC is the procedural law giving the instrument to be proceeded in every assessment, demand, just as fundamental for every offense under the PPC or other significant criminal law. It is parceled into three stages: assessment, demand, just as starter.

a) Investigation consolidates all of the strategies under the Code for the arrangement of confirmation by a cop or by any individual), (an endorsed (other than a Judge by a Justice for this purpose. (Region 4(1) (l) of Cr.PC)




Stage of a Criminal Case

The system has the going with stages

a) Police (law prerequisite);

b) Courts (intercession/starter);

c) Prisons (corrections/probation just as parole).




Administration of Criminal Equity

a. The indictment needs to persuade its advantages. It needs to exhibit a group of proof against the criticized without question expecting any scratch is made by the project, it is to be agreed to the charge. (Ahmad Salim's case, 1997)

b. Establishing that a defendant be direct until the arraignment shows his argument against him beyond the shadow of a reasonable vulnerability is a key option of criminal law. If the prosecution fails to meet its pledge, which it never defends, the blame is well-positioned to gain an advantage in an investigation. (2016 SCMR 28)

c. The accused does not have a legal right to be tried by a certain court. There is no exemption if the revealed knowledge of the proceedings filed against him is from the start a safeguard to be applied by a Single Court to which it is intended to transmit. A different layout would create a strange situation while also achieving the same goals. (PLD 2005 Lahore 470)

d. While closing the quality just as not how much confirmation that is important. (Bao Salim's case, 2008)

e. Each criminal case would stay on its equilibrium. Real factors just as conditions in a solitary case couldn't be entirely equivalent or down on the ground towards the other (Shamshada's case, 2004)







Case Study

The CJS of Pakistan targets arranging the norms of law just as request. Generally, separate this attestation concerning the Sughraan Bibi case.

The focus of this essay is a point-by-point breakdown of Pakistan's criminal value strategy. The definition of General CJS is the first step. I'll jump right into a few aspects that are crucial to Pakistan's criminal justice system. Similarly, the Chief Justice's objections. Periods of negative behaviour were also documented in this essay. The rules derived from the various price association case laws are presented. Also disclosed will be the true motivation behind Pakistan's illicit value game plan. The success of the criminal case Ms. Little BB against. State will be explained in this article. I would not have given importance to the issue of this case if I had expected not to address the subject of FIR, because this case is directly tied to the potential of FIR. I'll draw attention to the court decision because it has an impact on Pakistan's judicial system. It will also look into how the current system is malfunctioning. Regardless, this study will compare Pakistan's criminal worth to those of established states. It will provide a small set of ideas to change Pakistan's criminal value system in the long run. Relevant case laws have been alluded to. 

FIR TREE is a fictional character. It is usually carried out by the complainant or someone acting in his or her best interests. The law is put into force in serious offences by the precaution of presenting the First Data Report. It is only information to move to the organization in issue for the purpose of committing a crime. In F.I.R., it is not necessary for a complainant to submit all information regarding the crime (2000 PCrlJ 602(a).

When a person in charge of a Police Headquarters is notified of his reward for unclassified offences, he will write down the backdrop of this information in the proposed book, as well as imply something quite equivalent to the Officer, seeking his permission to investigate.

This paper contains three key parts for instance occupation of the police, the occupation of the Legal executive, just as the gig of remedial offices/prison workplaces in the CJS. Also, the strong just as weak locales will be perceived in like way with end just as proposition.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The CJS in Pakistan incorporates five sections for instance the police, lawful chief, confinement offices, arraignment, probation, just as parole. This audit inspects just as separates the capability level of these parts by considering the work consigned just as disposed of by each piece of the CJS during the year 2014. The degree of the survey was limited to the four regions be explicit Punjab, Sindh, KPK, just as Balochistan. Data for cases enrolled by police, region, just as transcendent legitimate chief just as confinement offices were gotten.

The data was compiled from both core and auxiliary sources. It was revealed that the police evaluated a total of 612,835 instances in four Pakistani domains in 2014, with 26 percent reaching the police by the end of the year. Similarly, the total number of cases heard by the area courts in the four municipalities was 2,160,752, with 69.2 percent of them being settled throughout the year. All things considered, the removal rate from the High Courts was 53.9 percent, while the High Court evacuation rate was less than half.

The rehabilitative offices appeared to be overloaded, as they were 156 percent overcrowded, with a considerable number of minor inmates. Despite the fact that the charge is limited to the police, no specialty or responsibility is established in the block system at this time. On the surface, there was no substantial data on parole, just like there was no major data on parole for what appeared to be a much-warranted district.

Essentially the introduction of CJS isn't at its ideal level in Pakistan just as helpful appraisals like improvement just as update of genuine establishments just as cutoff the working of existing police, specialists, judges, analysts, just as jail staff is required close by base on working on the current characteristics of subject matter experts, judges, examiners, just as remedial offices to additionally foster the usefulness level just as suitability of organization movement by the CJS by and large.

Recommendations

A clever examination of the CJS of Pakistan includes its essential lacunae just as shortcomings just as gives pragmatic ideas with the objective that a sensible starter could be ensured just as fanatic changes for the update could be maintained.

1. The causes for delays in common as well as criminal prosecution and recommended the appropriate rectifications in pertinent laws.

2. This review recorded suggestions under three classes to be a specific authoritative activity, severe utilization of current law(s), as well as managerial activity. It proposed an expansion in the number of legal officials as well as a unified framework to lessen the time in the removal of cases.

3. This concentrate likewise recorded suggestions are given as for increment the number of judges as well as arrangement of foundation to work on crafted by examination as well as indictment officials.

4. This concentrate moreover proposes an exact method for managing criminal decency, which further creates harmonization among laws execution, courts just as amendment workplaces.

5. The CJS reflects an obligation by the overall population to thwart as well as control bad behavior while simultaneously dealing with those faulted for dismissing criminal law.

6. It's an arrangement of persons, legislative matters, as well as methodology that communicates progressively with organizations at all degrees of administration as well as with the welfares& upsides of the public at large.

7. A guard expert has noticed that "A Police Order of 2002sextendedhigh-ranking police post(s) by 300percent. Over 15percent of the police expenditure plan finances police directors as a long series of directors up to or above DSP level".

References

• Ali, S. H. (2015). An Analytical Study of Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (with special reference to the Province of Punjab). Journal of Political Studies.
• Article 175 of the Constitution of Pakistan, (1973).
• Article 184(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, (1973).
• Article 204 of the Constitution of Pakistan, (1973).
• Articles 142 and 143 of the Constitution of Pakistan, (1973).
• Bao Salim's case. (2008).
• Berger v. US-295 US 78, By Kamran Adil; November 2, (2019).
• Constitution of Pakistan, (1973). Part VII
• Constitution of Pakistan, (1973). Especially, Articles 8, 9, 10, 10-A, 11, 12 and 13
• Francis Bacon's Essay on Judicature is interesting and the difference can be inferred by looking at different law dictionaries. A good detail is available in Britannica Encyclopedia
• Rehman,H. U. (1996). Law Reform Commission Report
• Hamza, H., & Kamil, J. (2013). A study of criminal law & prosecution system in Pakistan.
• Karim, J., & (R) Fazal. (2003). Access to Justice in Pakistan. 2003.
• Law reform committee report. (2015).
• Munir, A., & Mughal. (2009). Law of investigation into cognizable case.
• President's Commission on law enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967)
• Rehman, S. A. (1958). Law Commission Report.
• Sindh Prisons and Corrections Services Act, 2019. Section 4(l).
• Shamshada's case, (2004)
• Siegel, Larry J, Criminology-Theories, Patterns and Typologies, 9th Edition, page 4. Smith, Christopher E. American CJS. 2013.
• Smith, G. F., & Christopher, E. (1998). The American system of Criminal Justice. Belmont CA. www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/17/city/ka rachi/alleged-mugger-lynched-in-city/